Entrepreneurship

Generalization

1. Product description

The range of our market is wide.Main commercial polymers are derived from petroleum- based raw products using processing chemistry that is not always safe or environmentally friendly. Over the past three decades, there has been a growing interest in developing natural alternatives to synthetic polymers, namely biopolymers. Biopolymers are polymers derived from living organisms or synthetized from renewable resources. They have expanded significantly due to their biological origin and mostly to their non-toxicity and biodegradable nature. Biopolymers include polysaccharides such as cellulose, starch, chitin/chitosan (Fig. 1), and alginates.

Because of its remarkable macromolecular structure, physical and chemical properties, bioactivities, and versatility, quite different from those of synthetic polymers, the biopolymer chitosan has received much attention in fundamental science, applied research, and industrial biotechnology (Crini 2019; Crini et al. 2009, 2019; Kim 2011, 2014; Castro and Paulín 2012; Teng 2012; Sashiwa and Harding 2015; Dima et al. 2017; Philibert et al. 2017). Currently, chitosan and its derivatives have practical applications in the form of solutions, suspensions, particles, e.g., beads, resins, spheres, nanoparticles and sponges, gels/hydrogels, foams, membranes and films, fibers, microscopic threads, and scaffolds in many fields: medicine and biomedicine, pharmacy, cosmetology, hygiene and personal care, food industry and nutrition, agriculture and agrochemistry, textile and paper industries, edible film industry and packaging, biotechnology, chemistry, and catalysis, chromatography, beverage industry and enology, photography, and other emerging fields such as nutraceuticals, functional textiles and cosmetotextiles, cosmeceuticals, nanotechnology, and aquaculture (Sandford 1989; Onsoyen and Skaugrud 1990; No and Meyers 1995; Li et al. 1997; Ravi Kumar 2000; Khor 2001; Struszczyk 2002; Honarkar and Barikani 2009; Crini et al. 2009; Davis 2011; Ferguson and O’Neill 2011; Kardas et al. 2012; Sarmento and das Neves 2012; Yao et al. 2012; Khor and Wan 2014; Bau- tista-Baños et al. 2016; Dutta 2016; Hamed et al. 2016; Ahmed and Ikram 2017; Amber Jennings and Bumgardner 2017a, b; Arfin 2017; Badawy and Rabea 2017; Dima et al. 2017; Philibert et al. 2017; Han et al. 2018; Pellá et al. 2018; Sharif et al. 2018; Song et al. 2018; Wei et al. 2018; Zhao et al. 2018). Chitosan as eco-friendly biopolymer is also proposed for environmental purposes and applied in clarification and water purification, wastewater treatment, remediation, sludge dewatering, and membrane filtration (Crini and Badot 2008; Bhatnagar and Sillanpää 2009; Sudha 2011; Ravichandran and Rajesh 2013; Yong et al. 2015; Barbusinski et al. 2016; Kos 2016; Nechita 2017; Desbrières and Guibal 2018; Pakdel and Peighambardoust 2018; Lichtfouse et al. 2019). Research on chitosan is also very active in electrochemical sensors, bioimaging, biological catalysis, ionic liquids, green solvents, adhesives, and deter- gents. However, the main markets are the food industry and nutrition, and the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and medicine industries. The markets for chitin and chitosan are Japan, USA, Korea, China, Canada, Norway, Australia, France, UK, Poland, and Germany (Ferraro et al. 2010; Nwe et al. 2011; Badawy and Rabea 2017; Bonecco et al. 2017). Japan dominated the industry accounting for 35% of the market in 2015. Indeed, since the 1980s, Japan is considerably advanced in the technology, commercializa-tion, and use of these biopolymers (Badawy and Rabea 2017; Bonecco et al. 2017). The market in this country absorbs about 700–800 tons chitosan per year.

In this review, we highlight a selection of works on chitosan applications published over the past two decades. However, the examples presented are not exhaustive due to the very large number of papers published. This article is an abridged version of the chapter published by Morin-Crini et al. (2019) in the series Sustainable Agriculture Reviews.

(1)Pharmacy and medicine

For chitosan, pharmaceutical applications started to appear in the late 1980s (Nagai et al. 1984; Felt et al. 1998; Ravi Kumar 2000). In this field, chitosan and its derivatives have been mainly explored as excipients in drug formulations and drug delivery systems (Badwan et al. 2015). The new approach consisted of replacing potentially toxic com- pounds by natural products, which rapidly proved to be promising. The pharmaceutical industry rapidly understood the advantages of using chitosan. Although hundreds of papers and patents related to chitosan-based pharmacy have been published since the late 1980s, this sector continues to interest both the scientific community and the industry, mainly in terms of bioactivities. The most important features and advantages of chitosan can be found in the review by Bernkop-Schnürch and Dünnhaupt (2012). Its derivatization also contributed to expansion of application and decrease toxicity.

Also, the medical and biomedical potential applications of chitosan include pharmaceutical formulation and drug delivery (antibiotics, anti-inflammatory substances, vaccines, proteins, peptides, growth of factors), antimicrobial applications, gene delivery, gene therapy, wounds healing and burns, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering (bone, ligament, cartilage, tendon, liver, neural and skin regeneration), cancer applications (treatment, therapy, diagnostic strategy), dermatology, ophthalmology, dentistry, biosensors, and many other applications such as bioimaging (magnetic resonance imaging), support for immobilized enzymes, and veterinary medicine.

(2)Veterinary

The medical and biomedical potential applications of chitosan include pharmaceutical formulation and drug delivery (antibiotics, anti-inflammatory substances, vaccines, proteins, peptides, growth of factors), antimicrobial applications, gene delivery, gene therapy, wounds healing and burns, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering (bone, ligament, cartilage, tendon, liver, neural and skin regeneration), cancer applications (treatment, therapy, diagnostic strategy), dermatology, ophthalmology, dentistry, biosensors, and many other applications such as bioimaging (magnetic resonance imaging), support for immobilized enzymes, and veterinary medicine.

(3)Cosmetics

It is possible to produce chitosan as well as chitosan deriva- tives with varying chain lengths and differentiated properties for applications in cosmetics, hygiene, and personal care. The molecular weight of most chitosan products is so high that they cannot penetrate the skin and this is an important advantage that makes it suitable for skin care. These materials include chitosan hydrochloride, chitosan acetate, chitosan lactate, carboxymethyl chitosan, quaternized derivatives, oligosaccharides, and also chitin sulfate and carboxy- methyl chitin. They can be dissolved in aqueous solutions or used in solid form. In cosmetics, the specific properties employed are: cationic (chitosan and hair carry opposite electrical charges), bacteriostatic, fungistatic, antistatic, film-forming, moisture-retaining (chitosan retains moisture in low humidity and maintains hair’s style in high humidity), and controlled release of bioactive agents. Chitosan is also of great interest in cosmetic formulations because it is compatible with other ingredients such as starch, glucose, saccharose, polyols, oils, fats, waxes, acids, nonionic emulsifiers and nonionic water-soluble gums. However, chitosan is incompatible with ionic gums, sulfonated surface-active agents, alkalis, and sulfuric acids. Chitosan and its derivatives can be combined with other hydrating agents, solar filters, and other bioactive products used in the formulations. They facilitate their effects. Some derivatives of chitosan can form foam and create emulsifying actions.

(4)Agriculture

Applications of chitosan in agriculture are summarized in Table 9. Chitosan products are used in plant protection from the 1990s against plant pathogenic bacteria that induce decay and harmful effects of agricultural crops during the growing season and postharvest phase (Yin and Du 2011). They behave as bactericidal (killing the bacteria) and/or bateriostatic (hindering the growth of bacteria). However, the exact mechanism is still not fully understood. A discussion on models proposed for antibacterial actions of chitosan can be found in the review by Muñoz-Bonilla et al. (2014). The most accepted mechanism involves the polycationic char- acter of chitosan which permits to interact with negatively charged species (bacterium cell membrane). The chelating properties of chitosan also make it an excellent antifungal agent (Rabea et al. 2003; Muñoz-Bonilla et al. 2014; Bad- awy and Rabea 2016; Divya and Jisha 2018). The presence of chitosan activates many defense responses in plants. Usually, it is employed in plant disease control as a powerful elicitor.

(5)Environment

Chitosan-based versatile materials are also widely pro- posed in clarification and water purification, and water and wastewater treatment as coagulating and flocculating agents (Crini et al. 2009). As eco-friendly materials, they can be a potential substitute for metallic salts and synthetic polyelectrolytes in the treatment of water for the removal of both particulate and dissolved substances. However, despite a large number of studies on the use of chitosan for pollutant recovery in the literature, processes are basically at the stage of laboratory-scale study in spite of unquestionable progress. Indeed, these research fields for chitosan have failed to find practical applications on the industrial scale. The actual applications in industry remain rather rare, e.g., PennoflocTM for water clarification, ChitoVanTM for biofiltration, as con- current flocculating and adsorbing agents are cheaper. Even if chitosan shows better performances in terms of pollutant elimination, the conventional products are sufficient to fulfill current regulatory frameworks.

(6)Beverage Industry

In wine production, it can be used for clarification, de-acidification, stabilization, elimination of ochratoxin A, enzymes, and other undesired substances, e.g. metals and pesticides (Bornet and Teissedre2011). Chitosan is also used as eco-friendly coagulant for passion fruit clarification (Domingues et al. 2012) and natural flocculant for beer clarification (Gassara et al. 2015). Rocha et al. (2017) presented an overview of the recent chitosan-based matrices used for clarification, preservation, encapsulation, and active and intelligent packaging of different beverage types, such as alcoholic, dairy-based drinks, and non-alcoholic, including fruit juices, nectars, concentrated fruit juices, tea, coffee, and tisanes. Only the clarification using chitosan of fungal origin (Oneobrett®, BactilessTM) seems to be well implemented in the market.

(7)Aquaculture

A prerequisite for the greater use of chitin in industry is cheap manufacturing processes and/or the development of profitable processes to recover chitin and by-products such as proteins and pigments. It is well known that the recovery of chitinous products from wastes is an additional source of revenue. Crustacean shells contain considerable quantities of carotenoids which so far have not been synthesized, and which are marketed as a fish food additive in aquaculture, mainly for salmon. The use of chitosan and its derivatives in the aquaculture was described by Alishahi and Aïder (2012). It can be used as functional food, nutritional supplements (synbiotics), carrier abilities for bioactive compounds, drug release, encapsulation of pathogens, or nucleic acids, and for pollutant removal from water and wastewaters (Table 10). There is also a constant need for the development of efficient vaccines and delivery systems to prevent and control the emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in aquaculture. There are innumerable infectious diseases for which the development of efficient vaccines has been difficult to achieve. The failure is mainly due to the inability to design vac- cines evoking appropriate immune responses. The use of chitosan-based nanoparticles has provided a tremendous opportunity to design vaccine delivery systems that are efficient in targeted delivery, providing stability to anti- gens, and act as efficient adjuvants. Many of the nanoparticles are able to enter the antigen-presenting cells by different pathways and induce appropriate immune responses to the antigen. Vinay et al. (2018) recently reviewed the use of chitosan for the delivery of fish vaccines and compared the potential of these delivery systems for the development of new vaccines against different fish pathogens.

2. Market analyze

The total global shrimp production in 2021 has reached 700 tons, and the growth trend is apparent, which will generate a large amount of shell surplus, which can be used for many benefits. Shrimp shells contain a large amount of chitin, and chitosan can be obtained by deacetylation. Chitosan can be further hydrolyzed to obtain chitosan oligosaccharides with better water solubility, more straightforward utilization, and better biological activity.

The field of synthetic biology has broad prospects for development. In the past ten years, the amount of financing in the field of synthetic biology has continued to rise, and its application has also reached a mature market scale. In 2019, the global chitosan market size was about 35 million dollar. It is expected to grow to 8 million dollar by 2025. In terms of market competition, currently, China, Japan, Northern Europe, and Southeast Asia are the main chitosan producing countries and regions, among which China's chitosan production technology is relatively mature and occupies the largest market share.

Moreover, our project requires funds to purchase equipment and materials to scale up laboratory shrimp shell extraction for the industry. In addition, we need financial support to promote this project. One of our advantages in attracting investors is that there is sufficient shrimp shell waste to meet the needs of environmental protection, which shortens the time compared to traditional landfill treatment, and gains benefits from waste utilization. The state supports projects of this type. In 2019, Chinese government successively issued three policy documents closely related to bio-method chitosan, which laid a solid foundation for the development of chitosan; second, the chitosan oligosaccharide finally obtained has the advantages of use in many fields. It can be maximized to obtain maximum benefits. With the further development of social economy and information technology, the application of bio-method chitosan will be a new trend in the future and has a great application prospect.

The global chitosan oligosaccharides market holds a forecasted share of US$ 2.5 billion in 2022 and is anticipated to transcend US$ 9.8 billion by the end of 2032, moving ahead with a CAGR of 14% during the forecast period (2022-2032).

The demand for chitosan oligosaccharides is being driven by increased waste from the seafood industry, government support for waste utilization, and a rise in its applications. Furthermore, the rise in demand for bio-based cosmetic products is expected to propel the global chitosan oligosaccharides market growth during the forecast period.

Furthermore, the rise in demand for bio-based cosmetic products is expected to propel the global chitosan oligosaccharides market growth during the forecast period.

Chitosan is a polysaccharide that has low solubility, and thus, is hydrolyzed into small fragments to obtain chitosan oligosaccharides which has more solubility due to the presence of some amino acids and the same is likely to rise the demand for chitosan oligosaccharides. Chitosan oligosaccharide is less bitter as compared to chitosan polysaccharide and the sales of chitosan oligosaccharides is on the rise owing to its availability in powder as well as liquid form. The rising demand for chitosan oligosaccharides can also be attributed to its wide range of application in industries such as food, beverage, cosmetics, wastewater treatment, etc. The sales of chitosan oligosaccharides is likely to gain momentum as it is used as an eco-friendly agricultural material in the formulation of organic fertilizers, inorganic fungicides, etc.

Ongoing R&D activities are expected to investigate new applications and uses for chitosan, in turn, provides impetus to the chitosan oligosaccharides market share in coming years. Rising product demand from the cosmetics industry, as well as an expanding scope of product application in waste-water treatment, are projected to scale up the sales of chitosan oligosaccharides.

Furthermore, the elimination by the Mexican government of stringent regulations that restricted the establishment of new manufacturing units has resulted in the development of new and large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in the region. This strategy has been critical in driving domestic pharma industry growth, which is further expected to fuel the demand for chitosan oligosaccharides near future.

Business model

1.Market segment (in the turn of the profit’s ratio from high to low)

Since the central product is certain, it is necessary to extend its submarkets from the man-classification. The prerequisite of business development and extension would always be the clear aims of the accurate segment.(1.Female in a wide range of age——skin care, last the youth (market operation would be the key point for this potential dominant part) 2.Planter and farmer——improving the disease resistance, efficient healing, growth promotion   (the size would be huge due to its effect) 3.Aquaculture worker—high quality fodder 4.Weak and old people—prevent the cancer (which would be effectively profitable after the fame spread) 5.Patient——kidney and gut problem (no ambitious predication in this period) 6.Wine and dairy juice company——necessary material (the key point the possibility of the cooperation) 7.Master of pet——guard against joint injury (depend on the area) 8.Government——purifying the water)

From those different levels, we hope to achieve a complete sense, which could comprehensively use our product and supply parts of our life.

2.Communication channel

In order to collect the information, perspective, suggestion and so on. We should open the communication channel flexibly and coherently. The well-developed company shouldn’t be information-blocking, we treasure all of the opinions from all directions.

Internal communication——personal and informal communication   External communication——impersonal/ personal communication 1. to public: through the media advertisement impersonally 2. to government: cooperate by personal communication 

3.Cost structure

Chitosan raw material+ logistics+ warehouse and management+ labors grow enzyme+ labors produce Chitosan Oligosaccharide+ communication channels

4.Source of income

Sale of product+ sale of raw material+ rent of formula+ processing

5.Non-profit extension

Since the shell of animal is the basic material of our product. We plan to directedly develop the collection of shell in order to directedly support the supply of Chitosan. On the well development, we hope that we could fix the whole process of our production, by promoting the cooperation of Chitosan material company.

More specifically, we would encourage people in poor area collect the shell. Except the beneficial effect to our business, they would be able to add another way of income.

Therefore, we decided to recycle crab shells and shrimp shells for a fee from all aspects. As for the dried shrimp processing plant, we decided to conduct a large number of wholesale acquisitions, and give preferential treatment to it under the condition that the manufacturer provides a large number of shrimp shells and other resources, such as paying the purchase price of more than five kilograms for the purchase of one hundred kilograms. In terms of farmers, we decided to purchase at a price close to the people, which will be higher than the price that we give to manufacturer, in order to let people have a good income. In addition, we decided to bring convenience to farmers in life, such as leading teams from time to time to help farmers in agricultural production. In terms of restaurants, we will make a small purchase, because the quotation of the restaurant is higher than the other two kinds of fees. but we will provide more preferential policies than other acquisitions. For example, compared with the previous purchase from the factory, we will pay 105 Jin (1 Jin is 500gram) for 100 Jin shrimp shells, and we decide to purchase 100 Jin shrimp shells in the restaurant at 110 Jin. And for farmers, this new technology can bring clean agricultural production. The development and application of foliar fertilization, seed coating agents, feed additives and fruit and vegetable preservatives can make agricultural planting more environmentally friendly and green, and food safety more guaranteed. The cost of using this new fertilizer is no higher than that of chemical fertilizer. This can be used to give farmers free gifts and make them more willing to cooperate with us. Last but not least, we can provide the government with purification products free of charge to achieve all-win cooperation.

Value proposition

1.Summarization

To make common matters valuable and useful, that’s the worth of our technology.  As we know, material supply in many directions has been barren in this time. Our technology would remove the shell from trash to resource. In this way, the material pressure in many industry would be released due to the low-price of shell.  From our technology, efficient process would lower the price of the good but improve the quality. Under the economic depression, stress on the customer could be also lightened. Generally, the comprehensive using of the shell could slow down the decline of other natural resource, and incline till the balance.

2.Detail

(1)Our project aims to undermine the current significant global health issue that the number of people suffering from the health risk of hypertension, hyperglycemia and hyperglycemia rising without any sign to become flat. Among that, China is the country with the most serious problem. In China, nearly 350 million people are suffering from the health risk of hypertension, hyperglycemia and hyperglycemia. Hence, we hope our end product can help people globally to deal with and ease those health risks.

In the project, we produce a health care sugar--chitosan oligosaccharides, which have excellent biological activities, including antioxidants, lowering blood pressure, lowering blood lipid, and anti-inflammatory. After studying the existing technologies, we find that those technologies generally have problems such as low efficiency and the inability to control the output. We finally discovered and used GM technology, planning to combine the plasmid fragment of chitosanase with the plasmid of Escherichia coli to form a new complete plasmid and express it in Escherichia coli.

During the production process, in the laboratory, we have done several tries, including combining a new plasmid that carries the chitosanase gene and propagating it in E. coli Dh5alpha and introducing the ice crystal nucleoprotein gene. The second try is successful. The second time, we still used transgenic technology to extract the chitosanase gene, but in advance, we combined the chitosanase gene with the N-terminal gene of ice crystal nuclear protein into a plasmid. When the chitosanase gene fragment is combined with the Escherichia coli plasmid, the N-terminal gene of ice crystal nuclear protein can convert the intracellular display chitosanase gene into extracellular, that is, the cell surface display technology is used. In the end, we successfully, and efficiently produce our product- chitosan oligosaccharide.

Additionally, for sustainable development in good health and well-being, we interview the old, the target user of our product, and find that most elderly people do not understand our product, but they do accept the chitosan oligosaccharide and transgenesis technique. However, they’d like to follow the suggestions from doctors and veterinarians. As a result, in the future, our product is promised to help people to reduce health risks.

In the project, we produce an end substance- chitosan oligosaccharides. At present, the main ways of obtaining chitosan oligosaccharides are enzymatic, chemical, and physical methods, which both have disadvantages. The disadvantages of single enzymatic hydrolysis are that the separation and purification of the enzyme are complicated, the enzyme is easily inactivated, and its hydrolysis efficiency is very low. Physical hydrolysis can make the product impure. The chemical method leads to pollution of the environment and products being more mixed, and the chitosan oligosaccharides with a certain degree of polymerization cannot be obtained. On the contrary, a novel method was proposed in our project to utilize Escherichia Coli cell-displayed chitosanase (CHI-1) to degrade the co-fermentation of bacillus subtilis. from shrimp shell waste. After examination, we find that under the best optimized co-fermentation condition (5 g/L yeast extract, 10 g/L K2HPO4, 6% ethanol, 50 g/L glucose), the deproteinization and desalination efficiencies of shrimp shell waste were 94 % and 92%, the yield of chitin was 18%. The surface structure characteristic and functional groups of prepared chitin and chitosan were determined by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, indicating that chitin and chitosan were successfully extracted from shrimp shell waste by co-fermentation of Bacillus subtilis and Acetobacter sp. We also construct the cell surface-displayed chitosanase (E. coli BL21-pET23b(+)-NICHI) in the experiment. Compared with crude chitosanase solution (crude CHI-1), E. coli BL21-pET23b(+)-NICHI showed better hydrolysis ability, E. coli BL21-pET23b(+)- NICHI maintained 81% of its initial enzymatic activity after 40 days left under room temperature. The crude CHI-1 enzyme solution reacted with the prepared chitosan for one day, the crude CHI-1 enzyme solution was almost inactivated. However, E. coli BL21-pET23b(+)-NICHI still maintained a good hydrolysis ability after reacting with the prepared chitosan for seven days, and the yield of chitosan oligosaccharides obtained by its hydrolysis was 41% after 7 days. The chitosan oligosaccharides produced by hydrolysis were identified as chitobiose, chitotriose, Chitosan Tetramer, chitopentaose, and chitohexaose by triple quadrupole LC-MS. It can be seen that the technology of displaying chitosanase on the cell surface increases the stability and hydrolysis ability of chitosanase, which can be effectively used in the preparation industry of chitosan oligosaccharide, improve the utilization value of wastes such as shrimp shells, and reduce environmental pollution[3].

This innovative method not only can be beneficial to the environment, since it uses shell waste but also can be more efficient and time-saving, compared to those three methods previously.

(3)In our project, we use a new method to produce our product- chitosan oligosaccharide, therefore, it is our responsibility to consider sustainable consumption and production. Our raw material- chitin is widespread in nature. It exists mainly in the insect carapace, shells of crustaceans, and cell walls of certain fungi. When we eat shrimp and crab every day, we produce shrimp and crab shell waste which contains a lot of chitin. Chitosan oligosaccharides with better water solubility, more convenience to use, and better biological activity can be obtained by further hydrolysis of chitin[3]. To be more specific, by using shell kitchen waste, we can produce Chitosan oligosaccharides.

By carefully considering the pollution and consumption from nature, we came to the conclusion that our project does not damage or contaminate the environment, by contrast, we are actually environmental-friendly since we help to recycle shell waste that can hardly be crushed or burned.

To draw a conclusion, we have responsibly been concerned about the sustainability of consumption and production.

(4)A good project means that we need to have a broad influence and collaboration with others. SDG17 suggests that our team needs cross-sector and cross-country collaboration for pursuing our goals. As to meet this criterion, we find Team LZU-HS-China-C and Team BFSU-ICUnited who also use carrier protein and cell surface display technology as partners. We collaborate in many ways. In the first place, we, three teams together, find six papers related to INP each. Consequently, according to those six articles, three teams select two of them respectively and write a report, which was shared in the joint conference of the three teams, that expands the knowledge reserve of the three teams on INP and provides a reference direction for the use of cell surface display technology of each team.

In addition, each of the three teams has launched its own We chat account. In their respective public accounts, three teams introduce their teams and project and send them to the cooperative group. The person in charge of each team forwards the public accounts of the other two teams to help each other promote their project.

Thirdly, After discussion and confirmation of the three team leaders, it was decided to establish an educational alliance of three teams, and each team will carry out synthetic biology education and general knowledge publicity in the name of the alliance. Each team will conduct a synthetic biology education in the name of the alliance, and the process record will be forwarded to the group chat of the three teams.

In conclusion, we have cooperated to achieve our goals together for a shared future.

Milestone

SWOT

- s

- low producing cost - having social welfare -  multifunction uses - great nutrient element for people and animals - strong intellectual property

- w

- limiting stock(for storing) - potential mistakes for intaking chitosanase - lack of investors

- o

- potential customers（general customers，some industry，firm） - with a possibility of government support - suitable trends for health care

- t

- homogeneous competition - immature market system - low public acceptance

Opponent

	Chitosan oligosaccharide	Magnetic chitosan	Chitosan oligosaccharide
Products and representative companies	No. 66, row C56, Baihong hardware and Electromechanical market, Xinzheng City, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province	Merck Co., Ltd	Vietnam Food (VNF) company
Current condition	The company produce majority of sativoside, collagen peptide, Spirulina powder, vitamin C.	The company include variety of application like water treatment, chromatography, additives of cosmetics, textile treatment with antimicrobial activity, New fibers for textiles, photographic paper, Biodegradable films, biomedical devices and the use of Microcapsule implants that control release in drug delivery.	Oligochaetes/Chitosan Oligosaccharides (COS) is one of Chitosan derivatives produced by the further hydrolysis of Chitosan resulting in a shorter chain length. COS has a lower molecular weight (Mw), high degree of deacetylation (DD), and higher degree of polymerization (DP), thus being less viscous and completely water soluble. With excellent absorption abilities at neutral pH, COS is a highly effective and anti-microbial bioactive material.
Advantages	It is sold in the area where urban residents are located, close to the market, convenient for citizens to buy by themselves, large personal demand of citizens, and promoting trade。 And the price will be much lower.	Magnetic chitosan composites (MCCs) are a novel material that exhibits good sorption behavior toward various toxic pollutants in aqueous solution. These magnetic composites have a fast adsorption rate and high adsorption efficiency, efficient to remove various pollutants and they are.	Vietnam Food (VNF) company specializes in processing shrimp co-products to create value-added ingredients for various industries whilst alleviating environmental burden. VNF is currently both the pioneer and leading shrimp co-products processor in Vietnam, providing comprehensive eco-friendly solutions from both shrimp heads and shrimp shells.
Disadvantages	Compared with other large companies, this is a small workshop. The products are not so professional, and there may be product safety and quality problems.	Pillaicksm et al. Showed that chitosan has a good adsorption performance for heavy metal ions. A large number of research results show that the adsorption of metal ions by chitosan is closely related to the degree of deacetylation of chitosan, physical state, solution pH, adsorption oscillation state, time and temperature, and the types of metal ions adsorbed. Therefore, the adsorption capacity of metal ions cannot be simply compared, but should be analyzed according to specific experimental conditions. From the structure of chitosan, it is possible to further improve its metal ion adsorption capacity. In recent years, many scholars have carried out a lot of modification studies in order to continuously improve the adsorption performance of chitosan.	Shrimp processing industry is relatively developed. During shrimp processing, a large number of by-products such as shrimp heads and shells will be produced, which contain rich nutrients. However, the comprehensive utilization rate is low, and a large number of by-product resources are not effectively utilized, which also leads to certain environmental pollution.

Risk analyze

Formula: in-comprehensive and unprotected patent could be legally plagiarized, which might let our company lose the main advantage

Enzyme: there is a possibility of broken, which could lower the quantity for a period

Cooperation: the cooperation with government could be not long lasting, which make our company lose some opportunities for extended program

Land: increasing rent fee of the factory could be high due to the necessary size and condition, which might increase the cost

Publication

In order to deepen our understanding of our products, we held this meeting to demonstrate our technology from the following points:

1. The cell surface display technique used in this experiment - that is, the addition of ice crystal nucleoproteins to produce chitosan oligosaccharides more efficiently; 2. The four-stage structure of proteins and the dehydration and condensation process of amino acids; 3. The respective characteristics of four biological macromolecules of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids; 4. PCR principle and machine use method; 5. Steps of plasmid extraction and role of plasmid construction. After the class, many students actively asked questions and discussed more synthetic biology knowledge with us, and finally we received feedback that this activity was of great help to the tenth grade students, so that they had a preliminary understanding of the iGEM competition and strengthened their future learning direction.

Future

- short term:

- setting up an independent IP
​- make cooperation with the medical enterprises
-Make sure the patent is legal and comprehensive in order to protect our formula and cover our business domain
​​- Complete early clinical trials as soon as possible
​​- searching new investors

- long-term:

- Expand the international market, exploit more potential customers, adapt and upgrade the technological framework to treat more diseases.
​​- more systemic

Reference

1.Chitosan Oligosaccharides Market Outlook (2022-2032) -----fmi (ESOMAR certified market research organization and a member of Greater New York Chamber of Commerce)

2.Applications of chitosan in food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, textiles, pulp and paper, biotechnology, and environmental chemistry Nadia Morin-Crini, Eric Lichtfouse, Giangiacomo Torri, Grégorio Crini