Engineering Success

Demonstrate engineering success in a part of your project by going through at least one iteration of the engineering design cycle.

To engineer bacteriophage vaccine vector, we chose a T7 phage-based system because it’s one of the well-studied model bacteriophages with rich lab materials and available assay methods such as T7 promoter, IPTG induction in E. coli BL21 strain, in vitro transcription and translation (TXTL) studies, phage genome sequences and engineering tools1 as well as safe application in clinical trials2.

Prior to engineer T7 bacteriophage, we designed and constructed a composite biobrick part composed of T7 promoter from an existing part, a novel enhanced RBS with a g10 leader sequence, a GFP reporter gene or chicken ovalbumin antigen gene with a 6xHis tag, and a T7 terminator.


CHARACTERIZATION – T7 promoter in an existing part

The existing part: Part:BBa_K3431048

We retransformed E. coli BL21 with the plasmid of T7-RBS-RFP-Tr/pSB1C3 (BBa_K3431048). Red colors were clearly seen in LB agar plate and LB liquid culture containing 1mM of IPTG compared to non-IPTG as controls after an overnight culture (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 | IPTG induction of RFP expression driven by T7 promoter in E. coli BL21 carrying T7-RBS-RFP-Tr on LB agar plate (A) or LB broth (B) supplemented with 34 μg/mL of chloramphenicol. IPTG concentration is 1mM.

The transformed E. coli BL21 runs in a kinetic mode for 24 hr in the LB broth with or without IPTG. The RFP levels were read by Synergy H1 Hybrid Multi-Mode Reader - BioTek Instruments (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) at an excitation and emission wavelength of 584 nm and 607 nm, respectively. Regardless of some interfering background values in LB media were detected in the first 3 hr, it’s clear that the T7 promoter activities began to be induced around 2 hr and became significantly strong to a level of 1.5-fold induction compared to the controls without IPTG at 12 hr (Fig. 2). The data were consistent with the results seen by naked eyes (Fig. 1).

Figure 2 | The plasmid of T7-RBS-RFP-Tr/pSB1C3 was transferred into E. coli BL21. Two clones were picked up for IPTG induction assay for 18 hr. RFP levels were read every one hour at an ex/em = 584/607.


IMPROVEMENT – an enhanced RBS

The new part: Part: BBa_K4150002

From the existing part: Part:BBa_K3431048

In order to increase the expression of protein of interest, we added a canonical strong RBS (Part:BBa_B0034) with a leader sequence containing a stem loop from the T7 bacteriophage gene 10 (g10.RBS, Part:BBa_K4150000).

The g10 leader sequence encodes very highly expressed phage proteins, in which 9-base of Epsilon motif exhibits perfect complementary to the 16S RNA of E. coli. This structure connected with the consensus Shine-Dalgarno sequence (SD) can enhance up to 340-fold heterologous gene expression in E. coli3. The g10 leader sequence is also present in several commercially available pET series vectors.

We replaced the RBS with g10.RBS in BioBrick Part:BBa_K3431048 (T7-RBS-RFP-Tr) to create an improved BioBrick Part:BBa_K4150002 (T7-g10.RBS-RFP-Tr). These two plasmids were transformed into E. coli BL21. In the presence of IPTG, colonies on the LB agar plate and cultures in the LB broth both showed darker red colors for RFP gene expression driven by T7 promoter with g10 leader sequence compared to the original RBS without g10 leader sequence (Fig.3). However, the E. coli BL21 with T7-g10.RBS-RFP-Tr had a higher background level in the absence of IPTG.

Figure 3 | The plasmids as indicated were transformed into E. coli BL21. The E. coli were grown on LB agar plate supplemented with 20 μg/mL of chloramphenicol and 1mM of IPTG. One of the colonies was cultured in LB broth with 34 μg/mL of chloramphenicol in the absence or in the presence of 1mM of IPTG. Inset panel: The plates were observed under a blue LED light box.

Furthermore, the transformed E. coli with T7-g10.RBS-RFP-Tr compared to T7-RBS-RFP-Tr expressed RFP at faster and increased (up to 2.5-fold) fluorescence intensity levels in a time-dependent manner (Fig. 4). The above data demonstrated the g10 leader sequence in front of RBS can significantly enhance gene expression.

Figure 4 | The plasmids as indicated were transformed into E. coli BL21. The E. coli were grown in LB broth supplemented with 34 μg/mL of chloramphenicol and 1mM of IPTG for 18 hr. The RFP expression levels were read at ex/em = 584/607 nm in a kinetic mode by Synergy H1 Hybrid Multi-Mode Reader - BioTek Instruments (Agilent Technologies, Inc.). The values of fluorescence intensity were presented by the data with IPTG induction minus the data without induction as background levels.


REPORTER PHAGE ENGINEERING

To verify the function of the engineered phage, we created a GFP reporter in the context of DNA elements composed of T7 promoter, g10.RBS and T7 terminator.

Construction: Part:BBa_K4150005

The vector was amplified from Part:BBa_K3431048 by PCR with a high-fidelity DNA polymerases (KOD-plus) as a backbone with a T7 promoter and a T7 terminator, followed by digested with SpeI and HindIII. The insert of g10.RBS-His-GFP was synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., followed by digested with XbaI and HindIII. E. coli DH5alpha competent cells were transformed with the resulting ligation product and checked by colony PCR and restriction enzymes, as well as confirmed by DNA sequencing.

Figure 5 | T7P-g10.RBS-His-GFP-T7T (BBa_K4150005) construction. DNAs were run electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel with 1kb marker. (A) Vector (2154 bp) and Insert (g10.RBS-His-GFP, 841 bp) were digested by indicated restriction enzymes before ligation. (B) 4 colonies were subject to colony PCR with VF2 forward primer and GFP reverse primers (PCR product size: 995 bp). (C) The plasmid DNAs were extracted and digested by EcoRI and PstI (Product size: 2029 and 954 bps).

Bacteriophage engineering

T7 bacteriophage genome was edited with the BioBrick of T7P-g10.RBS-His-GFP-T7T in the end of T7 gene 10 using the T7Select® 415-1 Cloning Kit (Merck Millipore) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. To select the correct T7 phage genome inserted with the BioBrick, the plaque assay on LB agar plate covered by the lawn of E. coli DH5alpha was performed. Several phages from the plaques were subjected to phage genomic DNA extraction and PCR with corresponding primers (Fig. 6).

Figure 6 | T7 phage engineering with T7P-g10.RBS-His-GFP-T7T. (A) The plaque assay was conducted on the LB agar plate, where E. coli DH5alpha cells were infected with the engineered phages. (B) The gDNAs of phages from 8 plaques were extracted and subjected to PCR with T7SelectUP primer and T7SelectDOWN primer provided in the kit (Product size: 1024 bp). DNAs were run electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel with 1kb marker.

Functional assay

To test the functionality of T7 phage::T7P-g10.RBS-His-GFP-T7T, one of the mouse intestinal commensal E. coli isolated by Prof. Ming-Shiou Jan’s lab was grown to an OD around 0.6 in the M9 minimal medium supplemented with casamino acids (0.2%), D-glucose (0.3%), vitamin B1 (1 mg/ml), MgSO4 (0.2 mM), CaCl2 (0.1 mM)4, followed by infected with the engineered phages at a MOI of 5 for 2 hr at 37°C. The data were read for OD600 and GFP at an ex/em = 483/513 nm every 10 min. Compared to wild-type T7 phage infection, the engineered phage::T7P-g10.RBS-His-GFP-T7T can infect and kill the E. coli in a similar way (Fig. 7). In addition, the engineered phages are able to transfer the GFP reporter cassette into E. coli and make GFP production at the beginning of 40 min (Fig. 8), which is consistent with the time starting to lyse the bacteria (Fig. 7).

Figure 7 | The infection of the wild-type and the engineered T7 phages on a mouse intestinal commensal E. coli. The E. coli were growing to an OD around 0.6 in the wells of a 96-well plate (Falcon® 96-well Black/Clear Flat Bottom) at 37°C with 200 μl of the supplemented M9 media, followed by the phage (as indicated) infection at a MOI of 5. The values of OD600 were read every 10 min till 2 hr by a microplate reader (Synergy H1 Hybrid Multi-Mode Reader - BioTek Instruments). The growth of E. coli without phages was set as a control.

Figure 8 | The production of GFP by the engineered T7 phage::T7P-g10.RBS-His-GFP-T7T. The E. coli were growing to an OD around 0.6 in the wells of a 96-well plate (Falcon® 96-well Black/Clear Flat Bottom) at 37°C with 200μl of the supplemented M9 media, followed by the phage (as indicated) infection at a MOI of 5. The values of fluorescence intensity were read at an ex/em = 483/513 nm every 10 min till 2 hr by a microplate reader (Synergy H1 Hybrid Multi-Mode Reader - BioTek Instruments). The background levels were measured with the controls of E. coli without phages or infected with wild-type phages.


VACCINE PHAGE ENGINEERING

To demonstrate the effectiveness of engineered phage as a vaccine, we created an ovalbumin antigen expression vector in the context of DNA elements composed of T7 promoter, g10.RBS and T7 terminator.

      The chicken ovalbumin (OVA) is a glycoprotein, which is a major component of chicken egg whites, and harbors immunogenic properties in vaccination experiments5. The recombinant OVA protein is readily purified in E. coli BL21 system driven by T7 promoter and triggered by IPTG induction. Therefore, it’s considered as one of the model antigens used to study immune responses in animal models.

Construction: Part:BBa_K4150006

      The vector was prepared from Part:BBa_K4150005 as a backbone with a T7 promoter and a T7 terminator by digested with SpeI and HindIII. The insert of g10.RBS-His-Ova was synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., followed by digested with XbaI and HindIII. E. coli DH5alpha competent cells were transformed with the resulting ligation product and checked by colony PCR and restriction enzymes, as well as confirmed by DNA sequencing.

Figure 9 | T7P-g10.RBS-His-Ova-T7T (BBa_K4150006) construction. DNAs were run electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel with 1kb marker. (A) Vector (2148 bp with a 835-bp DNA fragment after cut) and Insert (g10.RBS-His-Ova, 1285 bp) were digested by indicated restriction enzymes before ligation. (B) 6 colonies were subject to colony PCR with VF2 forward primer and Ova reverse primers (PCR product size: 1449 bp). (C) The 2 of plasmid DNAs with a correct PCR product size were extracted and digested by EcoRI and PstI (Product size: 2029 and 1398 bps).

Bacteriophage engineering

As the engineering approach as T7 bacteriophage::T7P-g10.RBS-His-GFP-T7T, the T7 phage genome was edited with the BioBrick of T7P-g10.RBS-His-Ova-T7T in the end of T7 gene 10. To select the correct T7 phage genome inserted with the BioBrick, the plaque assay on LB agar plate covered by the lawn of E. coli DH5alpha was performed. Several phages from the plaques were subjected to phage genomic DNA extraction and PCR with corresponding primers (Fig. 10).

Figure 10 | T7 phage engineering with T7P-g10.RBS-His-Ova-T7T. (A) The plaque assay was conducted on the LB agar plate, where E. coli DH5alpha cells were infected with the engineered phages. (B) The gDNAs of phages from 4 plaques along with wild-type T7 phages were extracted and subjected to PCR with the indicated primer pairs. PCR product sizes were shown in the figure. DNAs were run electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel with 1kb marker.

Functional assay

      To test the Ova protein expression by the engineered phage, the isolated BALB/c mouse intestinal commensal E. coli were grown to an OD of 0.6 and infected with T7 phage::T7P-g10.RBS-His-Ova-T7T at a MOI of 5 for 2 hr at 37°C. The bacterial lysates were subjected to SDS-PAGE and Coomassie blue staining. The gel clearly showed a sharp band at the predicted size of a purified chicken ovalbumin protein (~45 kDa) compared to the lysates of E. coli infected with wild-type T7 phages (Fig. 11A).

      To quantify the protein concentration produced by the engineered phage carrying Ova gene, 5 x 108 cells of the isolated E. coli (OD600 = ~0.6) were infected with 2.5 x 109 phages (MOI = 5) for 2 hr at 37°C. The 50 μl of lysates along with a serial dilution of standard of purified ovalbumin proteins were subjected to an ELISA Kit for Ovalbumin (CLOUD-CLONE CORP., Product No. CEB459Ge) and performed according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The data were measured at OD450 nm and determined by regression analysis due to the assay is based on the competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay technique. As shown in the Fig. 11B, the concentration of Ova proteins produced in the E. coli infected with T7 phage::Ova were 154±12 ng/ml (OD450 = 0.89±0.06).

      Taken together, we successfully created and improved BioBrick parts, as well as engineered T7 phages, which are able to transfer genes (i.e., GFP and Ovalbumin) into mouse intestinal E. coli and produce proteins of interest by the infected E. coli.

Figure 11 | Ovalbumin protein production by the mouse intestinal E. coli infected with T7 phages::T7-g10.RBS-His-Ova-T7T. (A) 30 ng of total phage-infected bacterial lysates were run on SDS-PAGE with a 4–15% Mini-PROTEAN® TGX™ Precast Protein Gels (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250. The PageRuler™ Prestained Protein Ladder, 10 to 180 kDa (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc) was used as a marker. (B) 50 μl of the same lysates were also conducted in an ELISA Kit for Ovalbumin (OVA) (Cloud-Clone Corp.) along with a serial dilution of standard Ova protein provided in the kit. The values were read at OD450 and calculated by a formula made by a regression analysis.

To design a functional T7 phage vaccine, in addition to the antigen gene, we need a T7 promoter plus a T7 terminator, as well as a strong RBS to produce a great amount of antigen proteins. We characterized the functionality of these elements in color formation and reporter assay of the E. coli transformed with an existing part (T7-RBS-RFP-Tr). Furthermore, we introduced a T7 phage gene 10 leader sequence (g10) in front of the RBS and improved the expression of RFP.

To build a phage vaccine, firstly, we constructed the GFP reporter gene in the context of these elements and engineered it onto the T7 phage genome. For functionality test, we measured the gene expression in the engineered phage- infected E. coli and obtained bacterial lysis curves as a function of time.

Secondly, we successfully built the model antigen gene, chicken ovalbumin, onto the T7 phage genome. And we got the qualification and quantification data of ovalbumin protein expression in SDS-PAGE, protein purification and ELISA assays, respectively.

To achieve engineering success, we carefully went through DESIGN-BUILD- TEST engineering design cycles and really did LEARN by thoroughly measuring the functionality of every BioBrick Part in every iteration that can be of great for further design and expand the application in the proof-of-concept implementation.


REFERENCE

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