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Overview
Raise concern about CVD
Rationale
Activities and Target audiences
Alternative source of pure EPA
Rationale
Product Design
Synthetic biology based EPA generation
Vegan-friendly capsule
Dark storage bottle
Defining the dosage
User’s information

Overview

Being the best known deadly disease of this era, cardiovascular disease (CVD) issue is definitely an issue that needs to be resolved. To prevent the CVD crisis, we established the PACOmega project to raise concern about CVD, and to provide an alternative source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplements.

To raise concern about CVD

Rationale

  According to the statistical data of World Health Organization, in 2019, 32% of deaths worldwide were caused by CVD. In Taiwan, severe CVD caused more than 42 thousand deaths. CVD is a progressive disease, which means that even if one person is young, he or she still needs to take care of their physical condition to reduce the risk of CVD in the future.

Activities and Target audiences

  Accordingly, we defined our target audiences (TAs) based on age. To reach out to our TAs and raise their concern about the CVD crisis, we planned the following activities:

To provide an alternative source of pure EPA

Rationale

  The common resource of EPA, fish and fish oils, might have some problems. For example, fish are at the top of the marine food chain. Therefore, contaminants, such as heavy metals and microplastics, may accumulate in the fish body and fish oil. Further, using fish as a source of EPA supplement will exhaust the marine resource in the future. Finally, the EPA from fish oil is not vegan-friendly. Since the number of vegetarians grow in recent years, a vegan-friendly EPA is a potential product for a new market. In addition, fish oils are a mixture of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and EPA, but a recent cohort study showed that the benefit of EPA for CVD prevention can be abolished if mixed with DHA (Saini and Keum 2018, Sherratt, Libby et al. 2022). Together, we decided that a well-packaged, vegan-friendly, purified EPA would be our product.

Product Design

Synthetic biology based EPA generation

  To generate the alternative source of EPA, we decided to apply synthetic biology to produce EPA in E.coli. Accordingly, we cloned the EPA-producing pfa genes from the deep sea bacteria Moritella marina and Shewanella pneumatophori. The cloned pfa genes were expressed in E.coli to generate EPA. Furthermore, we cloned and expressed AccBC, AccD1 and AccE genes from Corynebacterium glutamicum with the pfa genes to enhance the EPA production. Finally, the EPA-rich bacteria will be harvested and EPA will be extracted by the Folch method in the lab or by supercritical fluid extraction in mass production. The full design is listed on the design page.

Final EPA product - Vegan-friendly capsule

  To make the purified EPA vegan-friendly, the enclosed capsule should not be made of an animal product, such as gelatin. Accordingly, we will choose carrageenans as the basic material for our vegan-friendly EPA capsule (Fauzi, Pudjiastuti et al. 2021).

Final EPA product - Dark storage bottle

  Since EPA is sensitive to the light, the storage bottle of EPA should be made of dark colored plastic. Alternatively, the EPA capsules could be packed in PTP Aluminum Foil.

Final EPA product - Defining the dosage

  There is no official daily recommended intake from the National Academies for EPA or DHA. However, the American Heart Association recommends 1 gram EPA per day for adults and 0.5 gram EPA per day for children under 12 year old may promote cardiovascular health. (Benvenga, Fama et al. 2022). Accordingly, the minimum amount of EPA in each capsule should be 0.5 gram. Since the capsule will be slowly oxidized as the bottle is unsealed, the future product will be packed sixty capsules per bottle, one month usage for one adult.

Final EPA product - User’s information

  To inform the customers, and as required by law, information for the user will be attached with the product.

  Together, we think that our PACOmega project will benefit the world.

Reference:

  1. Benvenga, S., F. Fama, L. G. Perdichizzi, A. Antonelli, G. Brenta, F. Vermiglio and M. Moleti (2022). "Fish and the Thyroid: A Janus Bifrons Relationship Caused by Pollutants and the Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids." Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13: 891233.
  2. Fauzi, M., P. Pudjiastuti, A. C. Wibowo and E. Hendradi (2021). "Preparation, Properties and Potential of Carrageenan-Based Hard Capsules for Replacing Gelatine: A Review." Polymers (Basel) 13(16).
  3. Saini, R. K. and Y. S. Keum (2018). "Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance - A review." Life Sci 203: 255-267.
  4. Sherratt, S. C. R., P. Libby, D. L. Bhatt and R. P. Mason (2022). "A biological rationale for the disparate effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease outcomes." Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 182: 102450.